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Oral Medicine & Radiology |
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Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry |
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Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics |
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Periodontology |
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Oral Medicine & Radiology |
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Paper No. –I : Oral
Medicine & Radiology |
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Teaching Scheme |
Examination Scheme |
Total Marks |
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Hours Per year |
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Lectures |
Clinical |
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65 |
200 |
|
265 Hrs |
|
|
Theory Marks |
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Final |
Viva Voce |
Internal |
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70 |
20 |
10 |
|
100 |
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Practical Marks |
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Final |
Internal |
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90 |
10 |
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100 |
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200 |
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ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY |
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AIMS |
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(1) |
To train the students to
diagnose the common disorders of Orofacial
region by clinical examination and with the help
of such investigations as may be required and
medical management of oro-facial disorders with
drugs and physical agents. |
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(2) |
To train the students about
the importance, role, use and technics of
radiographs and other imaging methods in
diagnosis. |
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(3) |
The principles of the
clinical and radiographic aspects of Forensic
Odontology. |
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The syllabus in ORAL MEDICINE
& RADIOLOGY is divided into two main parts. (I)
Diagnosis, Diagnostic methods and Oral Medicine
(II) Oral Radiology. Again the part ONE is
subdivided into three sections. (A) Diagnostic
methods (B) Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
(C) Oral Medicine & Therapeutics. |
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COURSE CONTENT |
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(1) |
Emphasis should be laid on
oral manifestations of systemic diseases and
ill-effects of oral sepsis on general health. |
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(2) |
To avoid confusion regarding
which lesion and to what extent the student
should learn and know, this elaborate syllabus
is prepared. As certain lesions come under more
than one group, there is repetition. |
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Part-I ORAL MEDICINE AND
DIAGNOSTIC AIDS |
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SECTION (A) – DIAGNOSTIC METHODS. |
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(1) |
Definition and importance of Diagnosis and
various types of diagnosis |
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(2) |
Method of clinical examinations. |
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(a) |
General Physical examination by
inspection. |
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(b) |
Oro-facial region by inspection,
palpation and other means |
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(c) |
To train the students
about the importance, role, use of
saliva and techniques of diagnosis of
saliva as part of oral disease |
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(d) |
Examination of
lesions like swellings, ulcers,
erosions, sinus, fistula, growths,
pigmented lesions, white and red patches |
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(e) |
Examination of lymph nodes |
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(f) |
Forensic examination
– Procedures for post-mortem dental
examination; maintaining dental records
and their use in dental practice and
post-mortem identification;
jurisprudence and ethics. |
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(3) |
Investigations |
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(a) |
Biopsy and exfoliative cytology |
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(b) |
Hematological,
Microbiological and other tests and
investigations necessary for diagnosis
and prognosis |
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SECTION (B) – DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS |
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While learning the
following chapters, emphasis shall be given only
on diagnostic aspects including differential
diagnosis |
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(1) |
Teeth: Developmental
abnormalities, causes of destruction of teeth
and their sequelae and discoloration of teeth |
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(2) |
Diseases of bone and
Osteodystrophies: Development disorders:
Anomalies, Exostosis and tori, infantile
cortical hyperostosis, osteogenisis imperfecta,
Marfans syndrome, osteopetrosis. Inflamation –
Injury, infection and sperad of
infection,fascial space infections,
osteoradionecrosis. |
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Metabolic disorders – Histiocytosis |
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Endocrine – Acro-megaly and hyperparathyroidism |
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Miscellaneous – Paget’s
disease, Mono and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia,
Cherubism. |
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(3) |
Temparomandibular joint:
Developmental abnormalities of the condyle.
Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Sub-luxation
and luxation. |
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(4) |
Common cysts and Tumors: |
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CYSTS: Cysts of soft tissue: Mucocele and Ranula |
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Cysts of bone: Odontogenic and nonodontogenic. |
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TUMORS: |
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Epithelial: Papilloma, Carcinoma,
Melanoma |
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Connective tissue: Fibroma, Lipoma, Fibrosarcoma |
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Vascular: Haemangioma, Lymphangioma |
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Nerve Tissue: Neurofibroma, Traumatic Neuroma,
Neurofibromatosis |
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Salivary Glands: Pleomorphic adenoma,
Adenocarcinoma, Warthin’s Tumor, Adenoid cystic,
carcinoma. |
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Non Odontogenic: Osteoma, Osteosarcoma,
Osteoclastoma, Chondroma, Chandrosarcoma, |
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Central giant cell rumor, and Central
haemangioma |
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Odontogenic: Enameloma, Ameloblastoma,
Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic tumor,
Adenomatoid Odontogenic tumor,
Periapical cemental dysphasia and
odontomas |
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(5) |
Periodontal diseases:
Gingival hyperplasia, gingivitis, periodontitis,
pyogenic granuloma |
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(6) |
Granulomatous diseases:
Tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis, Midline lethal
granuloma, Crohn’s Disease and Histiocytosis X |
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(7) |
Miscellaneous Disorders:
Burkitt lymphoma, sturge – Weber syndrome, CREST
syndrome, rendu-osler-weber disease |
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SECTION (C): ORAL MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS. |
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The following chapters
shall be studied in detail including the eiology,
pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations,
differential diagnosis, management and
prevention |
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(1) |
Infections of oral and paraoral structures: |
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Bacterial: Streptococcal,
tuberculosis, syphillis, vincents, leprosy,
actinomycosis, diphtheria and tetanus |
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Fungal: Candida albicans |
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Virus: Herpes simplex, herpes
zoster, ramsay hunt syndrome, measles,
herpangina, mumps, infectious mononucleosis,
AIDS and hepatitis-B |
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(2) |
Important common mucosal lesions: |
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White lesions: Chemical
burns, leukodema, leukoplakia, fordyce spots,
stomatitis nicotina palatinus, white sponge
nevus, candidiasis, lichenplanus, discoid lupus
erythematosis |
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Veiculo-bullous lesions:
Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, herpangina,
bullous lichen planus, pemphigus, cicatricial
pemphigoid erythema multiforme. |
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Ulcers: Acute and chronic ulcers |
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Pigmented lesions: Exogenous and endogenous |
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Red lesions: Erythroplakia,
stomatitis venenata and medicamentosa, erosive
lesions and denture sore mouth. |
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(3) |
Cervico-facial lymphadenopathy |
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(4) |
Facial pain: |
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(i) |
Organic pain: Pain arising from the
diseases of orofacial tissues like
teeth, pulp, gingival, periodontal
tissue, mucosa, tongue, muscles, blood
vessels, lymph tissue, bone, paranasal
sinus, salivary glands etc., |
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(ii) |
Pain arising due to C.N.S.
diseases: |
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(a) |
Pain due to
intracranial and extracranial
involvement of cranial nerves.
(Multiple sclerosis,
cerebrovascular diseases,
trotter’s syndrome etc.)
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(b) |
Neuralgic pain
due to unknown causes:
Trigeminal neuralgia,
glossopharyngeal neuralgia,
sphenopalatine ganglion
neuralgia, periodic migrainous
neuralgia and atypical facial
pain |
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(iii) |
Referred pain: Pain
arising from distant tissues like heart,
spine etc., |
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(5) |
Altered sensations: Cacogeusia,
halitosis |
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(6) |
Tongue in local and systemic
disorders: (Aglossia, ankyloglossia, bifid
tongue, fissured tongue, scrotal tongue,
macroglossia, microglossia, geographic tongue,
median rhomboid glossitis, depapillation of
tongue, hairy tongue, atrophic tongue, reactive
lymphoid hyperplasia, glossodynia, glossopyrosis,
ulcers, white and red patches etc.) |
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(7) |
Oral manifestations of: |
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(i) |
Metabolic disordeers: |
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(a) |
Porphyria |
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(b) |
Haemochromatosis |
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(c) |
Histocytosis X diseases |
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(ii) |
Endocrine disorders: |
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(a) |
Pituitary: Gigantism, acromegaly,
hypopitutarism |
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(b) |
Adrenal cortex: Addison’s disease (Hypofuntion) |
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Cushing’s syndrome (Hyperfunction) |
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(c) |
Parathyroid glands: Hyperparathyroidism. |
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(d) |
Thyroid gland: (Hypothyroidism)
Cretinism, myxedema |
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(e) |
Pancreas: Diabetes |
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(iii) |
Nutritional
deficiency: Vitamins: riboflavin,
nicotinic acid, folic acid Vitamin B12,
Vitamin C (Scurvy) |
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(iv) |
Blood disorders: |
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(a) |
Red blood cell diseases |
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Defficiency anemias: (Iron deficiency,
plummer – vinson syndrome, pernicious
anemia) |
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Haemolytic anemias: (Thalassemia,
sickle cell anemia, erythroblastosis
fetalis) |
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Aplastic anemia |
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Polycythemia |
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(b) |
White Blood cell diseases |
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Neutropenia, cyclic
neutropenia, agranulocytosis, infectious
mononeucleosis and leukemias |
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(c) |
Haemorrhagic disorders: |
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Thrombocytopenia,
purpura, hemophillia, chrismas disease
and von willebrand’s disease |
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(8) |
Disease of salivary glands: |
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(i) |
Development distrubances: Aplasia,
atresia and aberration |
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(ii) |
Functional disturbances:Xerostomia,
ptyalism |
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(iii) |
Inflammatory
conditions: Nonspecific sialadenitis,
mumps, sarcoidosis heerdfort’s syndrome
(Uveoparotid fever), Necrotising
sialometaplasia |
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(iv) |
Cysts and tumors:
Mucocele, ranula, pleomorphic adenoma,
mucoepidermoid carcinoma |
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(v) |
Miscellaneous:
Sialolithiasis, sjogren’s syndrome,
mikuliez’s disease and sialosis |
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(9) |
Dermatological diseases with oral
manifestations: |
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(a) |
Ectodermal dysplasia |
(b) |
Hyperkerotosis palmarplantaris with
periodont0opathy |
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(c) |
Scleroderma |
(d) |
Lichen planus including ginspan’s
syndrome |
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(e) |
Luplus erythematosus |
(f) |
Pemphigus |
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(g) |
Erythema multiforme |
(h) |
Psoriasis |
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(10) |
Immunological diseases with oral manifestations |
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(a) |
Leukemia |
(b) |
Lymphomas |
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(c) |
Multiple mycloma |
(d) |
AIDS clinical manifestations,
opportunistic infections, neoplasms |
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(e) |
Thrombcytopenia |
(f) |
Lupus erythematosus |
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(g) |
Scleroderma |
(h) |
dermatomyositis |
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(i) |
Submucous fibrosis |
(j) |
Rhemtoid arthritis |
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(k) |
Recurrent oral ulcerations including
behcet’s syndrome and reiter’s syndrome |
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(11) |
Allergy: Local allergic
reactions, anaphylaxis, serum sickness (local
and systemic allergic manifestations to food
drugs and chemicals) |
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(12) |
Foci of oral infection and their ill effects on
general health |
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(13) |
Management of dental problems in medically
comrpomised persons: |
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(i) |
Physiological changes: Puberty,
pregnancy and menopause |
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(ii) |
The patients
suffering with cardiac, respiratory,
liver, kidney and bleeding disorders,
hypertension, diabetes and AIDS.
Post-irradiated patients. |
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(14) |
Precancerous lesions and conditions |
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(15) |
Nerve and muscle diseases: |
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(a) |
Neuropraxia |
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(b) |
Neurotemesis |
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(c) |
Neuritis |
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(d) |
Facial nerve
paralysis including Bell’s palsy,
Heerfordt’s syndrome, Melkerson
Rosenthel syndrome and ramsay hunt
syndrome |
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(e) |
Neuroma |
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(f) |
Neurofibromatosis |
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(g) |
Frey’syndrome |
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(a) |
Myositis ossificans |
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(b) |
Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome |
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(c) |
Trismus |
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(16) |
Forensic odontology: |
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(a) |
Medicolegal aspects of orofacial
injuries |
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(b) |
Identification of bite marks |
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(c) |
Determination of age and sex |
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(d) |
Identification of
cadavers by dental appliances,
Restorations and tissue remnants |
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(17) |
Therapeutics: General
therapeutic measures – drugs commonly used in
oral medicine viz., antibiotics,
chemotherapeutic agents, anti-inflammatory and
analgesic drugs, astringents, mouth washes,
styptics, demelucents, local surface anaesthetic,
sialogogues, antisialogogues and drugs used in
the treatment of malignancy |
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PART – II BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES AND ETHICS. |
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PART – III -ORAL RADIOLOGY |
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(1) |
Scope of the subject and history of origin |
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(2) |
Physics of radiation: |
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(a) |
Nature and types of radiations |
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(b) |
Source of radiations |
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(c) |
Production of X-rays |
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(d) |
Properties of X-rays |
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(e) |
Compton effect |
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(f) |
Photoelectric effect |
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(g) |
Radiation measuring units |
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(3) |
Biological effects of radiation |
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(4) |
Radiation safety and protection measures |
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(5) |
Principles of image production |
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(6) |
Radiographic techniques: |
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(a) |
Periapical radiographs (Bisecting and
parallel technics) |
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(b) |
Bite wing radiographs |
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(c) |
Occlusal radiographs |
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(a) |
Lateral projections of skull and jaw
bones and paranasal sinuses |
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(b) |
Cephalograms |
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(c) |
Orthopantomograph |
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(e) |
Projections of temperomandibular joint
and condyle of mandible |
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(f) |
Projections for Zygomatic arches |
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(iii) |
Specialised techniques: |
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(a) |
Sialography |
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(b) |
Xeroradiography |
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(c) |
Tomography |
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(7) |
Factors in production of good radiographs: |
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(a) |
K.V.P. and mA.of X-ray machine |
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(b) |
Filters |
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(c) |
Collimations |
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(d) |
Intensifying screens |
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(e) |
Grids |
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(f) |
X-ray films |
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(g) |
Exposure time |
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(h) |
Techniques |
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(i) |
Dark room |
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(j) |
Developer and fixer solutions |
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(k) |
Film processing |
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(8) |
Radiographic normal anatomical landmarks |
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(9) |
Faculty radiographs and artefacts in radiographs |
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(10) |
Interpretation of radiographs
in various abnormalities of teeth, bones and
other orofacial tissues |
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(11) |
Principles of radiotherapy of
oro-facial malignancies and complications of
radiotherapy |
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(12) |
Cantrast radiography and basic knowledge of
radio-active isotopes |
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(13) |
Radiography in Forensic
Odontoloy - Radiographic age estimation and
post-mortem radiographic methods |
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PRACTICALS / CLINICALS: |
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|
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1. |
Student is trained to arrive
at proper diagnosis by following a scientific
and systematic proceedure of history taking and
examination of the orofacial region. Training is
also imparted in management wherever possible.
Training also shall be imparted on saliva
diagnostic procedures. Training also shall be
imparted in various radiographic proceedures and
interpretation of radiographs. |
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2. |
In view of the above each
student shall maintain a record of work done,
which shall be evaluated for marks at the time
of university examination |
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3. |
The following is the minimum of prescribed work
for recording |
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(a) Recording of detailed case histories of
interesting cases …… 10 |
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(b) Intra-oral radiographs (Periapical,
bitewing, occlusal) ………… 25 |
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(c) Saliva diagnostic check as routine procedure |
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BOOKS RECOMMENDED: |
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|
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a) |
Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine & Oral Pathology |
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|
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1. |
Burkit – Oral Medicine – J.B. Lippincott
Company |
|
2. |
Coleman – Principles of Oral Diagnosis –
Mosby Year Book |
|
3. |
Jones – Oral Manifestations of Systemic
Diseases – W.B. Saunders company |
|
4. |
Mitchell – Oral Diagnosis & Oral
Medicine |
|
5. |
Kerr – Oral Diagnosis |
|
6. |
Miller – Oral Diagnosis & Treatment |
|
7. |
Hutchinson – clinical Methods |
|
8. |
Oral Pathology – Shafers |
|
9. |
Sonis.S.T., Fazio.R.C.
and Fang.L - Principles and practice of
Oral Medicine |
|
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b) |
Oral Radiology |
| |
|
|
1. |
White & Goaz – Oral Radiology – Mosby
year Book |
|
2. |
Weahrman – Dental Radiology – C.V. Mosby
Company |
|
3. |
Stafne – Oral Roentgenographic Diagnosis
– W.B.Saunders Co., |
|
| |
c) |
Forensic Odontology |
| |
|
|
1. |
Derek H.Clark –
Practical Forensic Odontology -
Butterworth-Heinemann (1992) |
|
2. |
C Michael Bowers,
Gary Bell – Manual of Forensic
Odontology - Forensic Pr (1995) |
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